Because its 2n shell is filled, it is energetically stable as a single atom and will rarely form chemical bonds with other atoms. For instance, lithium ( Li \text Ne start text, N, e, end text ), on the other hand, has a total of ten electrons: two are in its innermost 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital and eight fill the second shell-two each in the 2 s 2s 2 s 2, s and three p p p p orbitals, 1 s 2 1s^ 2 1 s 2 1, s, squared 2 s 2 2s^ 2 2 s 2 2, s, squared 2 p 6 2p^6 2 p 6 2, p, start superscript, 6, end superscript. Elements in the second row of the periodic table place their electrons in the 2n shell as well as the 1n shell. After the 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital is filled, the second electron shell begins to fill, with electrons going first into the 2 s 2s 2 s 2, s orbital and then into the three p p p p orbitals. The second electron shell, 2n, contains another spherical s s s s orbital plus three dumbbell-shaped p p p p orbitals, each of which can hold two electrons. A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has the same number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., the same atomic number, ( Z ). Hydrogen and helium are the only two elements that have electrons exclusively in the 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital in their neutral, non-charged, state. This is a list of the 118 chemical elements that have been identified as of 2023. The atomic mass of tin (Sn) is 118.71 u while the atomic mass of carbon (C) is 12.011 u. The atomic mass of each element is found under the element symbol in the periodic table. On the periodic table, hydrogen and helium are the only two elements in the first row, or period, which reflects that they only have electrons in their first shell. Each element on the modern periodic table is represented by its atomic number and atomic mass (Figure 2.5.3 ). This is written out as 1 s 2 1s^ 2 1 s 2 1, s, squared, referring to the two electrons of helium in the 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital. Helium has two electrons, so it can completely fill the 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital with its two electrons. This can be written out in a shorthand form called an electron configuration as 1 s 1 1s^ 1 1 s 1 1, s, start superscript, 1, end superscript, where the superscripted 1 refers to the one electron in the 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital. Hydrogen has just one electron, so it has a single spot in the 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital occupied. The 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital is the closest orbital to the nucleus, and it fills with electrons first, before any other orbital. The modern periodic table is based closely on the ideas he used: the elements are shown by the symbol for their atom. The first electron shell, 1n, corresponds to a single 1 s 1s 1 s 1, s orbital.
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